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Relating Extractable Soil Phosphorus to Phosphorus Losses in Runoff

Dep. of Agronomy, 115 Plant Sciences Building, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

A. N. Sharpley

USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 1430, Durant, OK 74702

D. R. Edwards

Agricultural Engineering Dep., Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546

*Corresponding author (tdaniel{at}uafsysb.uark.edu).

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus in agricultural runoff can cause accelerated lake and stream eutrophication. Where producers have applied P at rates exceeding crop uptake, soil P has sometimes become the main source of P in runoff. We hypothesized that soil test P (STP) correlation to dissolved reactive P (DRP) and bioavailable P (BAP) in runoff varies, depending on the extraction method. To investigate which STP extraction method would be best for predicting DRP and BAP concentration and load in runoff, soil samples were taken from the 0- to 2-cm depth of 54 grass plots (5% slopes) on Captina silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, mesic Typic Fragiudult). The STP was extracted by six methods and the ranges of results (mg kg^–1) were: 54–490 (Mehlich III), 27–592 (Bray-Kurtz P1), 25–169 (Olsen), 14–110 (distilled water), 23–170 (Fe oxide paper), and 105–1131 (acidified ammonium oxalate). The soil P saturation ranged from 16 to 80%. Simulated rain was applied at 100 mm h^–1 and runoff was collected for 30 min. The concentration of DRP in total runoff ranged from 0.31 to 1.81 mg L^–1, and BAP from 0.37 to 2.18 mg L^–1. The r² values for STP by each extraction method correlated with runoff DRP and BAP, respectively, were: 0.72 and 0.72 (Mehlich III), 0.75 and 0.73 (Bray-Kurtz P1), 0.72 and 0.72 (Olsen), 0.82 and 0.82 (distilled water), 0.82 and 0.82 (iron oxide paper), 0.85 and 0.82 (acidified ammonium oxalate), and 0.77 and 0.76 (P-saturation). All correlations were significant (P < 0.001), but the high r² values of those obtained from distilled water, iron oxide paper, and acidified ammonium oxalate extractants indicate better precision for predicting DRP and BAP concentrations in runoff. Correlations of STP with DRP load (range: 43.4 to 472.8 g ha^–1) and BAP load (54.2 to 542.0 g ha^–1) were not useful (r² < 0.18), possibly because runoff volumes were highly variable.

Received for publication January 23, 1995.

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				C. E. Kongoli and W. L. Bland Influence of Manure Application on Surface Energy and Snow Cover: Field Experiments J. Environ. Qual., July 1, 2002; 31(4): 1166 - 1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Penn and J. T. Sims Phosphorus Forms in Biosolids-Amended Soils and Losses in Runoff: Effects of Wastewater Treatment Process J. Environ. Qual., July 1, 2002; 31(4): 1349 - 1361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.A. Torbert, T.C. Daniel, J.L. Lemunyon, and R.M. Jones Relationship of Soil Test Phosphorus and Sampling Depth to Runoff Phosphorus in Calcareous and Noncalcareous Soils J. Environ. Qual., July 1, 2002; 31(4): 1380 - 1387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Sinaj, C. Stamm, G. S. Toor, L. M. Condron, T. Hendry, H. J. Di, K. C. Cameron, and E. Frossard Phosphorus Exchangeability and Leaching Losses from Two Grassland Soils J. Environ. Qual., January 1, 2002; 31(1): 319 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Ebeling, L. G. Bundy, J. M. Powell, and T. W. Andraski Dairy Diet Phosphorus Effects on Phosphorus Losses in Runoff from Land-Applied Manure Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., January 1, 2002; 66(1): 284 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Franzluebbers, J. A. Stuedemann, and S. R. Wilkinson Bermudagrass Management in the Southern Piedmont USA. II. Soil Phosphorus Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., January 1, 2002; 66(1): 291 - 298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. N. Sharpley, R. W. McDowell, J. L. Weld, and P. J. A. Kleinman Assessing Site Vulnerability to Phosphorus Loss in an Agricultural Watershed J. Environ. Qual., November 1, 2001; 30(6): 2026 - 2036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. B. Daniels, P. Delaune, P. A. Moore Jr., A. Mauromoustakos, S. L. Chapman, and J. M. Langston Soil Phosphorus Variability in Pastures: Implications for Sampling and Environmental Management Strategies J. Environ. Qual., November 1, 2001; 30(6): 2157 - 2165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. T. Pierson, M. L. Cabrera, G. K. Evanylo, H. A. Kuykendall, C. S. Hoveland, M. A. McCann, and L. T. West Phosphorus and Ammonium Concentrations in Surface Runoff from Grasslands Fertilized with Broiler Litter J. Environ. Qual., September 1, 2001; 30(5): 1784 - 1789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. G. Bundy, T. W. Andraski, and J. M. Powell Management Practice Effects on Phosphorus Losses in Runoff in Corn Production Systems J. Environ. Qual., September 1, 2001; 30(5): 1822 - 1828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Torrent and A. Delgado Using Phosphorus Concentration in the Soil Solution to Predict Phosphorus Desorption to Water J. Environ. Qual., September 1, 2001; 30(5): 1829 - 1835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Zhou and Y. Li Phosphorus-Sorption Characteristics of Calcareous Soils and Limestone from the Southern Everglades and Adjacent Farmlands Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., September 1, 2001; 65(5): 1404 - 1412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.K. Aase, D.L. Bjorneberg, and D.T. Westermann Phosphorus Runoff from Two Water Sources on a Calcareous Soil J. Environ. Qual., July 1, 2001; 30(4): 1315 - 1323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.T. Westermann, D.L. Bjorneberg, J.K. Aase, and C.W. Robbins Phosphorus Losses in Furrow Irrigation Runoff J. Environ. Qual., May 1, 2001; 30(3): 1009 - 1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R.O. Maguire, J.T. Sims, S.K. Dentel, F.J. Coale, and J.T. Mah Relationships between Biosolids Treatment Process and Soil Phosphorus Availability J. Environ. Qual., May 1, 2001; 30(3): 1023 - 1033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. O. Young and D. S. Ross Phosphate Release from Seasonally Flooded Soils: A Laboratory Microcosm Study J. Environ. Qual., January 1, 2001; 30(1): 91 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text]