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Fig. 2. Functional flow of topographic and hydrologic features extraction process in a geographic information system. First, the real-time kinematic-global positioning system elevation data was converted to a 4.71-m grid then depressions known as sinks were filled, and subsequently slope, aspect, flow direction (FlowDir), flow accumulation (FlowAcc), wetness index (WetIndx), and sediment transport index (SedTInd) maps were derived. While the combination of flow direction and flow accumulation maps were used to derive stream network map. DEM = digital elevation model.
