Fig. 1. A schematic presentation of the simulation model. The CO₂ production in each soil layer consists of microbial respiration (r_m) and root respiration (r_r), which are controlled by temperature (T) and by soil-water content (_v). Carbon dioxide moves between the layers by diffusion and the CO₂ flux (J) depends on the total porosity of soil (E_o), the soil-water content and the thickness of the layers (l) as well as the concentration gradient between the layers. The CO₂ fluxes are denoted by thick arrows, and thin arrows represent information between parameters and processes. The amount of CO₂ in a soil horizon is denoted by C and soil layers are denoted with capital letters O, A, B, and C. In the figure, processes are presented only for O- and A-horizons.

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