Fig. 5. Charge distribution (CD) f values for Cu²⁺ and P_i surface complexes with goethite assuming symmetrical distribution of central cation charge among surrounding ligands according to Pauling's rules. The CD f values represent the portion of central cation charge which is neutralized by surface ligands, and for symmetrical neutralization of cation charge are calculated as the fraction of total ligands situated in the surface 0–plane.

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