Fig. 5. Effective dielectric constant in ethanol where a torus is dangling, as a function of the distance between the central electrode tip and the top surface of the torus. Negative values correspond with the tip above the torus. The torus section is a square of 9 mm². Torus outside diameters of (a) 20, (b) 26, and (c) 32 mm, respectively. For the 32-mm torus diameter, the probe annular electrode may be inserted inside the torus. Circles correspond with measured values. Lines correspond with simulations assuming for the torus material (polyvinyl chloride)

Return to article