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Soil Mineralogy of Mangrove Forests from the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

^a Univ. Federal Rural de Pernambuco/Unidade, Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Fazenda Saco c.p. 063, 56.900-000, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil
^b Depto. de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Univ. de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13.418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
^c Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias/CSIC, Calle Serrano, 115, Dup, 28006 Madrid, Spain
^d Depto. de Edafologia e Química Agrícola, Faculdade de Bioloxia, Univ. de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Geology and division of the coastal plain in the state of São Paulo (modified from Suguio and Tessler, 1992). The location of the sampling points is shown.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. X-ray diffraction patterns of the silt fraction of mangrove soils from Pai Matos Island (PM), Caranguejo Island (IGUA), Itapanhaú River (ITA), Escuro River (RE), and Fazenda River (RF) at depths of 0 to 20 and 60 to 80 cm; M = mica, K = kaolinite, Fd = feldspar, Gb = gibbsite, An = anatase, Q = quartz, Gt = goethite, V = vermiculite.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) the Escuro River (RE) silt fraction (60–80 cm) on oriented aggregates at room temperature, heated to 550°C, and solvated in ethylene glycol, and (b) the clay fraction, after concentration of Fe, from Pai Matos Island (PM) and Caranguejo Island (IGUA) mangrove soils at depths of 0 to 20 and 60 to 80 cm; V = vermiculite, M = mica, K = kaolinite, Q = quartz, Gt = goethite, An = anatase.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay fraction of the Pai Matos Island mangrove soil at depths of 0 to 20 and 60 to 80 cm; S = smectite, M = mica, K = kaolinite, Fd = feldspar, Gb = gibbsite, Q = quartz, An = anatase.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay fraction of the Caranguejo Island mangrove soil at depths of 0 to 20 and 60 to 80 cm; S = smectite, M = mica, K = kaolinite, Fd = feldspar, Gb = gibbsite, Gt = goethite, Q = quartz, An = anatase.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. X-ray diffraction patterns in the clay fraction of the Itapanhaú River mangrove soil at depths of 0 to 20 and 60 to 80 cm; S = smectite, M = mica, K = kaolinite, Fd = feldspar, Gb = gibbsite, Q = quartz, An = anatase.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay fraction of the Escuro River and Fazenda River mangrove soils at depths of 0 to 20 and 60 to 80 cm; S = smectite, V = vermiculite, M = mica, K = kaolinite, Fd = feldspar, Gb = gibbsite, Q = quartz, An = anatase.

View larger version (192K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Transmission electron micrographs showing: (A) plain hexagonally shaped kaolinite and tubular halloysite; (B) tubular halloysite; (C) vermiculite; and (D) smectite in Escuro River mangrove soil.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. X-ray diffraction pattern of suspended sediment from the Ribeira de Iguape River; M = mica, K = kaolinite, Fd = feldspars, Gb = gibbsite, Gt = goethite, Q = quartz, An = anatase.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Scanning electron micrograph and energy dispersive spectrogram of samples from the Itapanhaú River mangrove soil, showing the presence of pyrite framboid in mangrove soils.