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Lime Effects on Soil Acidity, Crop Yield, and Aluminum Chemistry in Direct-Seeded Cropping Systems

^a Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, P.O. Box 646420, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6420
^b USDA-ARS, Land Manage. and Water Conserv. Res. Unit, 215 Johnson Hall, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6421
^c John Deere Agri Services, 3665 JFK Pkwy., Fort Collins, CO 80525

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The effect of lime and S treatments on the distribution of soil pH in a 30-cm profile 2 yr after application. Because there was a significant treatment x depth interaction, all treatment comparisons were made within depth increments. Within depths, data points followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different using Tukey's pairwise comparisons (P 0.05).

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The effect of lime and S treatments on Al3+ activity [(Al3+)] in a 30-cm soil profile. Because there was a significant treatment x depth interaction, all treatment comparisons were made within depth increments. Within depths, data points followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different using Tukey's pairwise comparisons (P 0.05). A log (Al3+) of approximately –6 corresponds to the level where Al phytotoxicity has been expressed by many crops (dotted line).

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Predicted activity of Al3+ and Al complexes (ai) as a function of depth in soil extracts. Activities were modeled using data from water extracts input into Visual MINTEQ. The insert graphs show the percentage of total Al (AlT) present as Al3+ or organically complexed Al as a function of pH for each treatment; • = Al3+, = fulvic acid (FA) as FA2Al+, = FA2AlOH, = AlSO4+, = AlHPO4+. Note: The 20- to 30-cm depth interval of the broadcast S treatment values are based on one sample. Concentrations of AlT were below the detection limit of the inductively coupled argon plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy for the other replicates.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. A comparison of equilibrium values of Al3+ activity [(Al3+)] from 1:1 water extracts (data points) with theoretical values predicted from Al(OH)3–controlled (Al3+) (lines). Equilibrium expressions were derived from Visual MINTEQ Version 2.32 thermodynamic database. Points falling above the equilibrium line are supersaturated with respect to the mineral while points falling below the equilibrium line are considered undersaturated with respect to the mineral. A log (Al3+) of approximately –6 corresponds to the level where Al phytotoxicity has been expressed by many crops (dashed line).