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Soil Food Webs and Carbon Dynamics in Response to Conservation Tillage in California

^a Dep. of Land, Air, and Water Resources, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616
^b School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
^c Dep. of Nematology, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616
^d Dep. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616

View larger version (47K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (A) Soil microbial biomass C, (B) soil ergosterol, (C) nematodes kg–1 dry soil, and (D) nematode biomass C by treatment and depth across three sampling dates. NT = no-tillage; ST = standard tillage; CC = continuous cropping; and F = fallow. Data are means ± SE.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Soil microbial biomass C, (B) total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and (C) nematode biomass C in the top 30-cm layer in December 2004 at the end of the field station trial. NT = no-tillage; ST = standard tillage; CC = continuous cropping; and F = fallow. Data are means ± SE. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P < 0.05 level. Uppercase letters compare treatments in the top 0- to 30-cm layer; lowercase letters compare treatments for each depth.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Correspondence analysis (CA) of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles of the 0- to 5-cm layer in December 2004 at the end of the field station trial. NT = no-tillage; ST = standard tillage; CC = continuous cropping; and F = fallow. I, II, and III refer to Block I, Block II, and Block III, respectively.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Sum of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) of (A) bacterial and (B) fungal biomarkers by treatment in December 2004 at the end of the field station trial. NT = no-tillage; ST = standard tillage; CC = continuous cropping; and F = fallow. Data are means ± SE. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P < 0.05 level. Differences indicated by a and b (0–5-cm layer), and s and x (5–15 and 15–30 cm, respectively).

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Nematodes by functional groups in the (A) 0–5 cm, (B) 5–15 cm, and (C) 15–30 cm soil layers: b1, bacterial-feeding nematode and colonizer-persister (cp) 1; b2, bacterial-feeding nematode cp 2; f2, fungal-feeding nematode cp 2; pp2, plant parasitic nematode cp 2; pp3, plant parasitic nematode cp 3; o4,5, omnivorous nematodes cp 4 or 5. Data are means ± SE. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P < 0.05 level. Uppercase letters compare treatments for the entire nematode population at each depth. Standard errors are shown by error bars. NT = no-tillage; ST = standard tillage; CC = continuous cropping; and F = fallow. In the 0- to 5- and 5- to 15-cm soil layers, no treatment effects occurred for any functional group, while in the 15- to 30-cm layer, b1 in STCC was significantly higher than in NTCC or NTF.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. (A) Nematode Enrichment Index, (B) Basal Index, (C) Structure Index, and (D) Channel Index in the 0- to 30-cm soil layer for nematodes across three sampling dates from the field station trial. NT = no-tillage; ST = standard tillage; CC = continuous cropping; and F = fallow. Data are means ± SE. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P < 0.05 level.

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Total soil (A) C and (B) N in the upper 30 cm in December 2004, at the end of the field station trial. NT = no-tillage; ST = standard tillage; CC = continuous cropping; and F = fallow. Data are means ± SE. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P < 0.05 level. Uppercase letters compare treatments in the top 0- to 30-cm layer; lowercase letters compare treatments for each depth.