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Soil Respiration under Maize Crops: Effects of Water, Temperature, and Nitrogen Fertilization

^a State Key Lab. of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Inst. of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
^b National Inst. for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
^c Inst. of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Diagram of a specially designed chamber for sampling gases: 1, PVC tube; 2, PVC pipe; 3, silicone grease; 4, stainless steel chamber base; 5, stainless steel chamber; 6, plastic foam; 7, fan; 8, thermometer; 9, silicon septum; 10, rubber seal; and 11, maize.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Comparison of mean maize aboveground biomass between the PVC tubes and the plots among the three treatments (N0 = no N fertilizer, N150 = 150 kg N ha–1, and N250 = 250 kg N ha–1. Vertical bars denote the standard error of the averages (n = 3).

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Seasonal pattern of soil CO2 fluxes in an arable loamy sand soil fertilized with no (N0), 150 (N150), or 250 kg N ha–1 (N250) cropped with maize or bare soil fertilized at 150 kg N ha–1 (CK). Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the averages (n = 3). Means labeled with different letters among the four treatments on the same measurement day are significantly different at P = 0.05.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Seasonal variation of soil moisture and temperature during the maize growth season under four treatments: no (N0), 150 (N150), or 250 kg N ha–1 (N250) cropped with maize or bare soil fertilized at 150 kg N ha–1 (CK). Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the averages (n = 12).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Dynamics of precipitation and air temperature at a meteorological station about 100 m away from the field experimental site during the growth season.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Contribution of maize rhizosphere respiration (Rrh) to total soil respiration (Rt) during the maize growth season measured using the root-exclusion technique.