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A Mechanism Study of Reflectance Spectroscopy for Investigating Heavy Metals in Soils

^a State Key Lab. of Remote Sensing Science jointly sponsored by the Inst. of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal Univ.
^b State Key Lab. of Mineral Deposit Research Inst. of Surficial Geochemistry, Dep. of Earth Sciences, Nanjing Univ., Nanjing 210093, China
^c Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, China
^d International Inst. for Earth System Science, Nanjing Univ., Nanjing 210093, China

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The map of Baguazhou Island with sample locations.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The mean reflectance spectra of (a) the eight soil samples after each sequential extraction step and (b) the continuum-removed spectra (original = original soil; F1 = carbonates removed; F2 = carbonates and Mn oxides removed; F3 = carbonates, Mn oxides, and organic matter removed; F4 = carbonates, Mn oxides, organic matter, and amorphous Fe oxides removed; F5 = carbonates, Mn oxides, organic matter, amorphous Fe oxides, and crystalline Fe oxides removed).

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Continuum-removed reflectance spectra of soils with varying concentrations of Cr and Cu. The "continuum-removed" spectrum was calculated as the ratio of the reflectance of the artificially contaminated samples to that of the untreated samples.

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Loading plot of heavy metals and Fe by principal component analysis of 61 samples.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Plots of measured vs. predicted concentrations of eight heavy metals. The 1:1 line is indicated on each figure.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Correlation coefficients between reflectance and metals.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Correlation coefficients between absorption depth around 500 nm and metal concentrations (D_500), and crystalline Fe oxide content and crystalline Fe oxide fractions for all the metals.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Average percentage distribution of heavy metals and Fe between various fractions determined by the chemical sequential extraction procedure (F1 = exchangeable; F2 = Mn oxides; F3 = organic matter; F4 = amorphous Fe oxides; F5 = crystalline Fe oxides; F6 = residual).