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Published online 16 May 2007
Published in Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:851-859 (2007)
DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2006.0231
© 2007 Soil Science Society of America
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Right arrow Soil Physics

Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive Scan Analyses and Rheological Investigations of South-Brazilian Soils

Wibke Markgraf* and Rainer Horn

Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Hermann-Rodewald-St. 2, Christian-Albrechts-Univ. to Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany


Figure 1
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Fig. 1. Plots of G' (storage modulus) and G'' (loss modulus). Three stages of elasticity loss can be defined, showing a gradual transition of an elastic (G' > G'') to a viscous (G' < G'') character.

 

Figure 2
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Fig. 2. Results of amplitude sweep tests with (distilled water) saturated samples of (a) a Calciudert (and under predrained conditions), Santana do Livramento, (b) a sandy and (c) a clayey Hapludox from Cruz Alta, (d) a clayey Hapludox under natural forest, and (e) a clayey Hapludox under no-tillage conditions, both from Santo Ângelo. G' = storage modulus, G'' = loss modulus, {gamma} = shear strain, SOM = soil organic matter, Fed = dithionite-soluble iron.

 

Figure 3
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Fig. 3. Results of amplitude sweep tests with predrained (at –60 hPa) samples of (a) a sandy and (b) a clayey Typic Hapludox from Cruz Alta, (c) a clayey Typic Hapludox, Santo Ângelo, under natural forest, and (d) a clayey Typic Hapludox, Santo Ângelo, under no-tillage conditions. G' = storage modulus, G'' = loss modulus, {gamma} = shear strain, SOM = soil organic matter, Fed = dithionite-soluble iron.

 

Figure 4
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Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of (a) Santana do Livramento Typic Calciudert, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), untreated; (b)–(d) Cruz Alta, RS, sandy Typic Hapludox: (b) untreated, (c) soil organic matter (SOM) leached, and (d) dithionite-soluble iron (Fed) leached; (e)–(g) Cruz Alta, RS, clayey Typic Hapludox: (e) untreated, (f) SOM leached, and (g) Fed leached; (h)–(j) Santo Ângelo clayey Typic Hapludox, natural forest: (h) untreated, (i) SOM leached, and (j) Fed leached; and (k)–(n) Santo Ângelo, clayey Typic Hapludox, under no-tillage: (k) untreated, (l) SOM leached, (m) Fed leached, and (n) detail of (m).

 





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