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Comparing Bulk Soil Electrical Conductivity Determination Using the DUALEM-1S and EM38-DD Electromagnetic Induction Instruments

Dep. of Biological and Irrigation Engineering Utah State Univ. Logan, UT 84322

D.A. Robinson

Dep. of Plants, Soils and Biometeorology Utah State Univ. Logan, UT 84322-4820
Currently at: Dep. of Geophysics, Stanford Univ. 397 Panama Mall Stanford, CA 94305

S.B. Jones

Dep. of Plants, Soils and Biometeorology Utah State Univ. Logan, UT 84322-4820

View larger version (55K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Transmitter and receiver dipole orientations of the EM38-DD and DUALEM-1S (instruments are oriented parallel to the surface). The loops of wire form a solenoid and a dipole is created when current passes through the wire. The EM38-DD (top) has its transmitter and receiver dipoles oriented in horizontal–horizontal (H–H) and vertical–vertical (V–V) modes. The DUALEM-1S (bottom) also uses a V–V and a vertical–horizontal (V–H) mode for the dipoles in its transmitter and receiver.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Relative sensitivity and (B) cumulative response with respect to depth of the three coil orientations (horizontal–horizontal [H–H], vertical–vertical [V–V], and vertical–horizontal [V–H]) of the DUALEM-1S and EM38-DD instruments.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A and D) Profile saturation extract electrical conductivity (ECe), volumetric soil water content (v), and apparent electrical conductivity [ECa(inversion)] data; and ECa–height above ground relationships as modeled using uniform earth and three-layer models for the (B and E) DUALEM-1S and (C and F) EM38-DD at Greenville Farm and Cache Junction sites at various coil orientations (horizontal–horizontal [H–H], vertical–vertical [V–V], and vertical–horizontal [V–H]).

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The electromagnetic induction (EMI) response of the EM38-DD and DUALEM-1S instruments at various coil orientations (horizontal–horizontal [H–H], vertical–vertical [V–V], and vertical–horizontal [V–H]) at Greenville Farm and Cache Junction throughout the day: variation of the temperature for both instruments as well as air and soil temperature at (A and B) Greenville Farm and (E and F) Cache Junction; and the EMI response of both instruments as well as the predicted EMI response using Archie's extended model (Eq. [10]) for (C and D) Greenville Farm and (G and H) Cache Junction.