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Speciation and Distribution of Phosphorus in a Fertilized Soil

A Synchrotron-Based Investigation

^a CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
^b USEPA, National Risk Management Research Lab., 5995 Center Hill Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45224
^c Department of Primary Industries, Natimuk Rd., PB 260, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
^d Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada
^e Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab., Bldg. 431 B008, Argonne, IL 60439-4856

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Phosphorus XANES "bulk" spectra for selected P standards. Data are background- and baseline-corrected and energy normalized to a reference energy of 2149 eV.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Phosphorus XANES "bulk" spectra of soil samples collected at two distances from the point of fertilizer application (0–7.5 and 7.5–13.5 mm). Two fertilizer treatments were investigated: fluid technical-grade monoammonium phosphate (TG-MAP) and granular monoammonium phosphate (MAP). The control soil was not fertilized. Data are background- and baseline-corrected and energy normalized to a reference energy of 2149 eV.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Principal component analyses (PCA) of "bulk" P K-XANES of standard and soil samples: (A) PCA of all standards and samples across the full spectral range; (B) PCA of non-Fe and -Al standards used with the spectral range limited to the postedge shoulder (1–5.5-eV relative energy). MAP is granular monoammonium phosphate and TG-MAP is fluid technical-grade monoammonium phosphate.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relationship between isotopically exchangeable P in soil (as a percentage of total P, Table 2) and the proportion of monetite (monocalcium P) as obtained by linear combination fitting of the "bulk" P XANES spectra.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Phosphorus n-XANES spectra for selected P standards. Data are background- and baseline-corrected and energy normalized to a reference energy of 2149 eV.

View larger version (86K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Nano x-ray fluorescence maps of Si, P, and Al in a thin section of technical-grade monoammonium phosphate (TG-MAP) treated soil (0–7.5-mm sample). In the small images, the individual signals of each element are shown with concentration proportional to brightness. The large image is the composite of the x-ray fluorescence signals of the three elements shown in the small images. The arrow indicates the location for which n-XANES analysis was conducted (Fig. 8 ).

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Correlations between the fluorescence signals of P vs. Al and Al vs. Si. Each point represents a pixel in Fig. 6.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Representative P n-XANES spectra of P hotspots in samples collected at two distances from the point of fertilizer application (0–7.5 and 7.5–13.5 mm). The n-XANES of an area selected in Fig. 6 (P nanoparticle) are also shown. Data are background- and baseline-corrected and energy normalized to a reference energy of 2149 eV. MAP is granular monoammonium phosphate and TG-MAP is fluid technical-grade monoammonium phosphate.