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Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils

^a Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
^b CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
^c Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA), 69011-970 Manaus, Brazil
^d (deceased), Dep. of Anthropology, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405 USA
^e Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the clay fraction, identified peak pattern fits into aluminum silicate hydroxide/Kaolinite-1A, which is the dominant mineral.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Potential cation exchange capacity (CEC) determined with NH4–Ac buffered at pH 7 as influenced by organic C for Anthrosols (filled symbols) in comparison to adjacent soils (open symbols) of similar clay mineralogy at four different sites and different soil horizons. Regression only for soils in our study, excluding Anthrosols from Sombroek et al. (1993).

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Microprobe elemental analysis spectra for a BC thin section (ACU II BC particle). Numbers 1, 2, 3 indicate the measured spots in the interior of the BC particle (‘inside’), 4, 5, 6 indicate those toward the surface of the BC particle (‘outside’).

View larger version (121K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Carbon NEXAFS target maps and fitted spectra for BC thin sections in HAT and LG sites. A = core/inside; B = intermediate layer; C = close to the surface. Two BC particles denoted with Latin numbers from one horizon described in Table 1.

View larger version (91K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Carbon NEXAFS target maps and fitted spectra for BC thin sections in ACU and DS sites. A = core/inside; B = intermediate layer; C = close to the surface. Two (ACU) and one (DS) BC particle denoted with Latin numbers from one horizon described in Table 1.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Carbon NEXAFS spectra for a clay thin section from ACU, isolated fungi and bacteria, humic substance representing non-BC obtained from adjacent soil at HAT, in comparison to a BC sample (fresh charcoal from Lehmann et al., 2005).