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Poultry Litter Decomposition as Affected by Litter Form and Rate before Flooding for Rice Production

^a Dep. of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
^b Graduate Research Assistant, Dep. of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Altheimer Lab, 1366 W Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR 72704
^c Associate Professor, Dep. of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Altheimer Lab, 1366 W Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR 72704

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Soil surface CO2 flux before (15 April) and after (5, 13, 19, and 31 May) litter application, incorporation, and rice planting but before flooding, by location for five litter rates and an unamended control. Significant differences among litter rates occurred only on 5 May. The LSD0.05 values are 2.56 and 3.14 for comparing among litter treatments and for comparing a litter treatment with the unamended control, respectively.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Soil temperatures (2.5 and 10 cm) and 0- to 60-cm volumetric soil water contents, averaged across litter form and rate, before (15 April) and after (5, 13, 19, and 31 May) litter application, incorporation, and rice planting, but before flooding, by location.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Soil organic carbon (OC) and total soil N concentrations in the top 10 cm before (15 April) and/or after (5, 13, 19, and 31 May) litter application, incorporation, and rice planting, but before flooding, by location for five litter rates and an unamended control. Significant differences in total soil N among litter rates, denoted with an asterisk (*), occurred on 5 and 13 May. LSD0.05 values are 0.006 and 0.008 for 5 May and 0.012 and 0.015 for 13 May, for comparing total soil N among litter treatments and for comparing a litter treatment to the unamended control, respectively. Significant differences in soil OC among litter rates, denoted with an asterisk (*), occurred on 5, 13, and 19 May. LSD0.05 values are 0.05 and 0.06 for 5 May and 0.06 and 0.07 for 13 and 19 May for comparing soil OC among litter treatments and for comparing a litter treatment with the unamended control, respectively. Soil OC in the 134 kg total N ha–1 litter rate at PTBS (P = 0.012) and total soil N (P = 0.032) in the 67 kg total N ha–1 litter rate, total soil N in the 202 kg total N ha–1 litter rate (P = 0.038), and soil OC in the unamended control (P = 0.032) at RREC decreased significantly over time.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Soil NO3–N and NH4–N concentrations in the top 10 cm before (15 April) and after (5, 13, 19, and 31 May) litter application, incorporation, and rice planting, but before flooding, by location for fresh and pelletized litter and an unamended control. Significant differences in soil NO3–N among litter rates occurred on 19 and 31 May. LSD0.05 values are 1.50 and 2.60 for 19 May and 2.31 and 4.00 for 31 May for comparing soil NO3–N among litter forms and for comparing a litter form with the unamended control, respectively. Soil NO3–N decreased in the unamended control at PTBS (P = 0.001) and increased in pelletized litter at RREC (P = 0.043) over time.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Soil NO3–N and NH4–N concentrations in the top 10 cm before (15 April) and after (5, 13, 19, and 31 May) litter application, incorporation, and rice planting, but before flooding, by location for five N-equivalent litter rates and an unamended control. Significant differences in soil NO3–N among litter rates occurred on 13 and 31 May. LSD0.05 values are 4.05 and 4.96 for 13 May and 3.65 and 4.47 for 31 May for comparing soil NO3–N among litter treatments and for comparing a litter treatment with the unamended control, respectively. Significant differences in soil NH4–N among litter rates occurred on 19 and 31 May. LSD0.05 values are 0.82 and 1.01 for 19 May and 0.69 and 0.84 for 31 May for comparing soil NH4–N among litter treatments and for comparing a litter treatment to the unamended control, respectively. Soil NO3–N decreased over time in the unamended control at PTBS (P = 0.001).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Rice leaf are index (LAI), aboveground dry matter, tissue N concentration, and N uptake before flooding by location for five litter rates and an unamended control. LSD0.05 values are 0.11 and 0.14 for comparing LAI among non-zero litter rates and for comparing a litter treatment to the unamended control, respectively. LSD0.05 values are 103 and 126 for comparing dry matter among non-zero litter rates and for comparing a litter treatment to the unamended control, respectively. LSD0.05 values are 0.17 and 0.21 for comparing tissue N concentration among non-zero litter rates and for comparing a litter treatment with the unamended control, respectively. LSD0.05 values are 3.31 and 4.05 for comparing N uptake among non-zero litter rates and for comparing a litter treatment to the unamended control, respectively.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Rice aboveground dry matter and N uptake before flooding by location for fresh and pelletized litter and an unamended control. LSD0.05 values are 65 and 113 for comparing dry matter among litter forms and for comparing a litter form with the unamended control, respectively. LSD0.05 values are 2.1 and 3.6 for comparing N uptake among litter forms and for comparing a litter form to the unamended control, respectively.