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Correcting Wall Flow Effect Improves the Heat-Pulse Technique for Determining Water Flux in Saturated Soils

College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing, China 100094

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Transient temperature changes at the downstream and upstream positions as related to the water flux density. The symbols represent measured data, and the lines indicate predicted results using the conduction–convection model.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Water flux density (J) estimated from the Td/Tu versus actual values measured at column outlet.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Transient temperature changes at the downstream and upstream positions at the largest flux densities. The symbols represent measured data, and the lines indicate predicted results of the conduction–convection–dispersion model as suggested by Hopmans et al. (2002). A thermal dispersion coefficient (d) is arbitrarily selected to force the theoretical maximum temperature changes agree with the measured data.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Pictures from the ink-dying test, showing the color change (a) 1.5 min, (b) 6 min, and (c) 9 min from the moment when the color is noticeable at the top surface of a packed column.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Water flux density (J) estimated from the Td/Tu, with correction of wall flow effect, versus actual values at column outlet on the sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils.