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Insect Infestations Linked to Shifts in Microclimate

Important Climate Change Implications

^a Dep. of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
^b Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422
^c School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
^d Dep. of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ 86011, Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Insect herbivore (scale and moth) effects on tree leaf area index (LAI) and precipitation interception by the tree crown in a piñon-juniper woodland. Treatments include trees that were herbivore-susceptible, resistant, and susceptible but with the herbivore removed. (A) Scale herbivory significantly reduced piñon LAI. (B) Moth herbivory has no effect on piñon LAI. (C) Scale herbivory decreased crown interception of precipitation up to 60%. (D) Moth herbivory decreased crown interception at least 26%. Stars (*) indicate significant differences using a LSD test; error bars are ±one standard error.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The effect of scale herbivory on soil moisture and daily maximum and minimum soil temperatures measured from August 1999–June 2002 in a piñon-juniper woodland. Treatments include trees that were scale-susceptible, scale-resistant, and susceptible but with the scale removed. (A) Soil moisture was up to 35% higher in the primary piñon rooting depth beneath trees with scale herbivory (15–30 cm). (B) Daily maximum soil temperatures were on average 5°C higher at 5 cm beneath scale-susceptible trees, but herbivory had no effect on daily minimum soil temperatures (or mean temperatures, data not shown). Different letters indicate significant differences using contrasts.