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Microbial Populations and Enzyme Activities in Soils Fumigated with Methyl Bromide Alternatives

^a Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523
^b Dep. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of California, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
^c USDA-ARS, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Average monthly air temperature and precipitation at Watsonville and Oxnard soils over the experimental period from August 2000 to May 2001. Arrows indicate dates for fumigation and sampling.

View larger version (64K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Microbial biomass C of Watsonville and Oxnard soils 1 wk after fumigation with methyl bromide (MeBr) or an alternative (Week 1), at planting (Week 4), and at peak strawberry growth (37 or 30 wk). For each sampling date, means followed by a different letter are significantly different at P < 0.05. Absence of letters indicates no significant differences. Error bars represent the standard deviation, n = 4. CP chloropicrin; EC, emulsifiable concentrate; PrBr, propargyl bromide.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Microbial respiration in Watsonville and Oxnard soils 1 wk after fumigation with MeBr or an alternative (Week 1), at planting (Week 4), and at peak strawberry growth (37 or 30 wk). For each sampling date, means followed by a different letter are significantly different at P < 0.05. Absence of letters indicates no significant differences. Error bars represent the standard deviation, n = 4. CP chloropicrin; EC, emulsifiable concentrate; PrBr, propargyl bromide.

View larger version (65K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Soil acid phosphatase activity in Watsonville and Oxnard soils 1 wk after fumigation with MeBr or an alternative (Week 1), at planting (Week 4), and at peak strawberry growth (37 or 30 wk). For each sampling date, means followed by a different letter are significantly different at P < 0.05. Error bars represent the standard deviation, n = 4. CP chloropicrin; EC, emulsifiable concentrate; PrBr, propargyl bromide.

View larger version (62K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Soil arylsulfatase activity in Watsonville and Oxnard soils 1 wk after fumigation with MeBr or an alternative (Week 1), at planting (Week 4), and at peak strawberry growth (37 or 30 wk). For each sampling date, means followed by a different letter are significantly different at P < 0.05. Error bars represent the standard deviation, n = 4. CP chloropicrin; EC, emulsifiable concentrate; PrBr, propargyl bromide.

View larger version (63K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Soil ß-glucosidase activity in Watsonville and Oxnard soils 1 wk after fumigation with MeBr or an alternative (Week 1), at planting (Week 4), and at peak strawberry growth (37 or 30 wk). For each sampling date, means followed by a different letter are significantly different at P < 0.05. Absence of letters indicates no significant differences. Error bars represent the standard deviation, n = 4. CP chloropicrin; EC, emulsifiable concentrate; PrBr, propargyl bromide.

View larger version (53K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Soil dehydrogenase activity in Watsonville and Oxnard soils 1 wk after fumigation with MeBr or an alternative (Week 1), at planting (Week 4), and at peak strawberry growth (37 or 30 wk). For each sampling date, means followed by a different letter are significantly different at P < 0.05. Absence of letters indicates no significant differences. Error bars represent the standard deviation, n = 4. CP chloropicrin; EC, emulsifiable concentrate; PrBr, propargyl bromide.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Basal (no NH4+ substrate amendment) and potential (with NH4+ substrate amendment) nitrification in Watsonville and Oxnard soils 1 wk after fumigation with MeBr or an alternative (Week 1), at planting (Week 4), and at peak strawberry growth (37 or 30 wk). For each sampling date, means followed by a different letter are significantly different at P < 0.05. Lowercase letters are used to separate basal nitrification means, while uppercase letters are used to separate potential nitrification means. Absence of letters indicates no significant differences. Error bars represent the standard deviation, n = 4. CP chloropicrin; EC, emulsifiable concentrate; PrBr, propargyl bromide.