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Continuous, Automated Nitrous Oxide Measurements from Paddy Soils Converted to Upland Crops

^a National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
^b Rakuno Gakuen Univ., 582 Midori-cho, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Seasonal courses of (a) daily N2O emission, (b) water-filled pore space (WFPS) of the soil at 10-cm depth, (c) soil NH4–N and NO3–N contents, and (d) ambient air temperature and precipitation in the fields with single cropping of upland rice (UR-1, 2) from 1 Jan. 2002 to 19 Jun. 2003. Daily N2O emissions are the daily means of six consecutive measurement data per day in each plot. WFPS and ambient air temperature are also the daily averages. Soil NH4–N and NO3–N contents are mean values of the duplicated plots. Periods without lines in (a), (b), and (d) indicate failure of data acquisition due to the problems or maintenances of the monitoring system. Horizontal arrows at the bottom of (c) show the period that the soil samples were taken just beside the rows where the supplemental fertilizer was applied. Abbreviations with vertical arrows in the figures show the following practices. S, seed sowing; BF, SF, applications of basal and supplemental fertilizer; F, beginning of flowering; H, crop harvest; SI, straw incorporation.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Seasonal courses of (a) daily N2O emission, (b) water-filled pore space (WFPS) of the soil at 10-cm depth, (c) soil NH4–N and NO3–N contents, and (d) ambient air temperature and precipitation in the fields with double cropping of soybean and wheat (SW-1, 2) from 1 Jan. 2002 to 19 June 2003. The compositions of subfigures, details of the data, and abbreviations in the figure are the same as those in Fig. 1.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Detailed time courses of N2O fluxes during some peak periods with magnified time scales in the fields with single cropping of upland rice (UR-1, 2) and with double cropping of soybean and wheat (SW-1, 2). All measurement data of N2O fluxes are plotted. Abbreviations with arrows in the figures are the same as those in Fig. 1.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relationships between daily N2O emission and water-filled pore space (WFPS) of the soil at 10-cm depth in the fields with single cropping of upland rice (UR) and with double cropping of soybean and wheat (SW) from 28 July to 12 Aug. 2002 (during the period shown in Fig. 3b). Daily N2O emissions are the daily means of six consecutive measurement data per day in each plot. WFPS are also the daily averages. Data in the two replicates were plotted together.