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Spatial Variability of Soil Properties in Created, Restored, and Paired Natural Wetlands

^a Univ. of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Soil and Water Science Dep., McCarty Hall/P.O. Box 11090, Gainesville, FL 32611
^b Duke Univ. Wetland Center, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Box 90333, Durham, NC 27708-0328

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map of the locations of the four paired wetland study sites in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Example of spatial sampling design used for this study showing the four transects (t1–t4), placement of the fixed centroids, and locations of the randomly determined sampling points.

View larger version (50K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Frequency distributions of soil properties in the created or restored wetland (CW, RW) and natural wetland (NW) plots at Rowel Branch, Grimesland, ABC, and Dismal Swamp.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Moran's I correlograms for (a) soil pH from the restored wetland (RW), and (b) natural wetland (NW) plots at Rowel Branch (RB); and (c) for bulk density (Db) from the RW, and (d) NW plots at Dismal Swamp (DS). Moran's I values that exhibited significant positive or negative autocorrelation are denoted by filled circles.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Percentage of significant values of Moran's I by soil property and wetland status. For bulk density, soil organic matter, and pH, n = 32 (eight distance classes in each of four plots), while for sand, n = 24 (eight distance classes in each of three plots).

View larger version (66K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of sand content in soils from the ABC (a) restored and (b) natural wetland plots. The contour maps were interpolated by inverse distance weighting.

View larger version (57K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Spatial distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) at the (a) Rowel Branch restored and (b) natural wetland, the (c) Grimesland created and (d) natural wetland, the (e) ABC restored and (f) natural wetland, and the (g) Dismal Swamp restored and (h) natural wetland plots. The upper scale applies to Rowel Branch, Grimesland, and ABC, while the lower scale applies to Dismal Swamp.