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Surface Clogging in an Intermittent Stratified Sand Filter

Dep. of Civil Engineering, National Univ. of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The recirculating intermittent stratified sand filter used in this study. In single-pass operation, the synthetic effluent was also applied from the feed tank to the sand filter surface but there was no recirculation.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Loss on ignition and noncombustible material deposition as a percentage of the total dry mass in the upper coarse sand layer of the laboratory stratified sand filter.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Deposition of total-N, total-P, and total-S (mg kg–1 of filter media) in the upper coarse sand layer of the laboratory stratified sand filter.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relative hydraulic conductivity variation (Kfs/Kvirgin sand) in the uppermost part of the coarse sand layer with depth after 806 d of operation.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The soil-water characteristic curve, (h), for the upper coarse sand layer of the laboratory stratified sand filter.

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Scanning electron microscopy photography on the upper coarse sand layer grains taken at a magnification of 40. (A) virgin sand sample; (B) sample at a depth of 0.07 m below the surface after 806 d of operation; (C) sample at a depth of 0.02 m below the surface after 806 d of operation; (D) surface sample after 806 d of operation.