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The Dielectric Permittivity of Calcite and Arid Zone Soils with Carbonate Minerals

^a USDA-ARS, George E. Brown, Jr. Salinity Lab., 450 W. Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507
^b Dep. of Plants, Soils and Biometerology, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322
^c Currently, Dep. of Plants, Soils and Biometerology, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Modeled effective permittivity (Eq. [1]) of a two-phase mixture plotted vs. the permittivity of the background solution at different porosities. The unique crossing point occurs when the permittivity of the fluid matches the permittivity of the solid.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. X-ray diffraction patterns for the Ebro Basin soils EB1 and EB2 before and after the removal of calcite. Observe the disappearance of the calcite peak after treatment.

View larger version (178K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (a) Scanning electron micrograph of Iceland Spar. (b) Diffraction pattern for Iceland Spar. (c) Transmission micrograph for microcrystalline calcite. (d) Diffraction pattern for microcrystalline calcite.

View larger version (132K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Photograph of the equipment specifically made for soil dielectric measurements. Internal stainless steel electrode 0.003175 m in diameter and 0.16 m in total length with 0.152 m projecting above the chemical resistant delrin probe head at the base (A); outer brass tube, 0.156 m long with an internal diameter of 0.085 m (B); retaining nut fixing B to E (C); male connector (D); microwave electrical connector (E); coaxial cable (F); syringe assembly for mixing suspension(G); mixing rod (H); syringe used to draw fluid out of the coaxial cell, a similar syringe was used with a piece of tygon tube to connect to G, to apply tension to de-air the suspension (I).

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Effective permittivity of coarse-grained (500 µm) natural calcite sample (Iceland Spar) obtained from a single calcite crystal that was crushed. The calcite powder was a synthetically made sample that was very fine-grained (0.1 µm). The solid symbols represent the estimated permittivity with 95% confidence estimates, Iceland Spar s = 9.1; Micro-crystalline calcite s = 8.3. The forth point for the micro-crystalline calcite lies directly under the estimate, giving perhaps greater confidence in the value of 8.3 than the confidence estimate might suggest.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Effective permittivity of Clarence (Cl) and Ramona (Ra) soils immersed in different dielectric fluids. The solid symbols represent the estimated permittivity with 95% confidence estimates, Cl s = 5.8; Ra s = 6.0.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Effective permittivity of the Ebro Basin soils before (EB1C and EB2C) and after (EB1NC and EB2NC) treatment with acid to remove the calcite. The solid symbols represent the estimated permittivity with 95% confidence estimates, EB1C s = 6.6; EB2C s = 6.3; EB1NC s = 5.7; EB2NC s = 5.8.