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Simultaneous Measurement of Soil Water Content and Salinity Using a Frequency-Response Method

^a Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66502
^b Dep. of Agronomy, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66502
^c Dep. of Statistics, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66502

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Four-electrode Wenner array.

View larger version (132K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Control of soil sample density.

View larger version (97K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The sensor used in the experiment.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Functional diagram of the experimental system.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Frequency responses of the sensor at four volumetric water contents, 0.11 cmol kg–1 salinity, and the 40-mm penetration depth.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Frequency responses of the sensor at four salinities, 0.19 m3 m–3 volumetric water content, and the 40-mm penetration depth.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Frequency responses of the sensor at four penetration depths, 0.29 m3 m–3 volumetric water content, and 1.752 cmol kg–1 salinity.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Actual and predicted volumetric water contents at the 30-mm penetration depth.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Actual and predicted salinities at the 30-mm penetration depth.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Actual and predicted salinities with two replicate frequency-response data collected at the highest salinity (1.752 cmol kg–1) and the lowest water content (0.12 m3 m–3) removed.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Performances of calibration models established for predicting salinity at four fixed volumetric water levels and a fixed penetration depth (30 mm).

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Performances of calibration models established for predicting volumetric water content at four fixed salinity levels and a fixed penetration depth (30 mm).