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The Soil Mineralogy of Lead at Horace's Villa

^a Biosystems Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 E.J. Chapman Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996-4531
^b Soils International, Inc., P.O. Box 22026, Knoxville, TN 37933
^c Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038

View larger version (261K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (top) Lead pipe exposed during the excavation of Horace's Villa showing the white corrosion crust; and (bottom) an excavated length of pipe.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The equilibrium constant as a function of temperature for (a) cerussite dissolution (Eq. [24]) and (b) hydroxyapatite to calcite transformation (Eq. [25]) computed using the Van't Hoff equation (Eq. [13] and constant Hr°) or Eq. [21], [22], and [23] (Hr° is a function of temperature).

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. X-ray diffraction profiles of (a) lead pipe corrosion crust, (b) soil collected from a 0- to 1-cm distance from the pipe, and (c) soil collected from with the pipe. C, cerussite; Ca, calcite; H, hydrocerussite; L, litharge; Pb, metallic lead; and Q, quartz.

View larger version (286K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs and energy dispersive X-ray spectra of lead pipe corrosion crust. (a) Particles having fibrous morphology; (b) particles having platy morphology; and (c) appearance of crust at low magnification.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. X-ray diffraction profiles of sand- and silt-sized fractions of soil obtained from inside lead pipe. C, cerussite; Ca, calcite; H, hydrocerussite; and Q, quartz.

View larger version (46K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. X-ray diffraction profiles of treated clay separates of soil collected from inside the lead pipe. C, cerussite; Ca, calcite; H, hydrocerussite; M, mica; Q, quartz; and smectite.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Activity ratio/product diagrams showing the relative stability of lead-bearing minerals as a functions of pH, H2PO–4 activity, Pb2+(aq) activity, and CO2(g) partial pressure at 25°C and 1 atm (0.1 MPa) total pressure (other conditions specific to the generation of the diagrams are discussed in the text). ALA, alamosite; CER, cerussite; CPM, chloropyromorphite; DCDP, brushite; HCER, hydrocerussite; HAP, hydroxyapatite; HPM, hydroxypyromorphite; and PGM, plumbogummite.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Predominance diagrams showing the relative stability of Pb-bearing minerals as a functions of pH, H2PO–4 activity, and CO2(g) partial pressure at 25°C and 1 atm (0.1 MPa) total pressure (other conditions specific to the generation of the diagrams are discussed in the text). (a) Including chloropyromorphite and (b) excluding chloropyromorphite. ALA, alamosite; CER, cerussite; CPM, chloropyromorphite; DCDP, brushite; HCER, hydrocerussite; HAP, hydroxyapatite; HPM, hydroxypyromorphite; and PGM, plumbogummite.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Activity ratio/product diagrams showing the relative stability of Pb-bearing minerals as a functions of pH, H2PO–4 activity, Pb2+(aq) activity, and CO2(g) partial pressure at 5°C and 1 atm (0.1 MPa) total pressure (other conditions specific to the generation of the diagrams are discussed in the text). ALA, alamosite; CER, cerussite; CPM, chloropyromorphite; DCDP, brushite; HCER, hydrocerussite; HAP, hydroxyapatite; HPM, hydroxypyromorphite; and PGM, plumbogummite.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Predominance diagrams showing the relative stability of Pb-bearing minerals as a functions of pH, H2PO–4 activity, and CO2(g) partial pressure at 5°C and 1 atm (0.1 MPa) total pressure (other conditions specific to the generation of the diagrams are discussed in the text). (a) Including chloropyromorphite and (b) excluding chloropyromorphite. ALA, alamosite; CER, cerussite; CPM, chloropyromorphite; DCDP, brushite; HCER, hydrocerussite; HAP, hydroxyapatite; HPM, hydroxypyromorphite; and PGM, plumbogummite.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Activity ratio/product diagrams showing the relative stability of Pb-bearing minerals as a functions of pH, H2PO–4 activity, Pb2+(aq) activity, and CO2(g) partial pressure at 35°C and 1 atm (0.1 MPa) total pressure (other conditions specific to the generation of the diagrams are discussed in the text). ALA, alamosite; CER, cerussite; CPM, chloropyromorphite; DCDP, brushite; HCER, hydrocerussite; HAP, hydroxyapatite; HPM, hydroxypyromorphite; and PGM, plumbogummite.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Predominance diagrams showing the relative stability of Pb-bearing minerals as a functions of pH, H2PO–4 activity, and CO2(g) partial pressure at 35°C and 1 atm (0.1 MPa) total pressure (other conditions specific to the generation of the diagrams are discussed in the text). (a) Including chloropyromorphite and (b) excluding chloropyromorphite. ALA, alamosite; CER, cerussite; CPM, chloropyromorphite; DCDP, brushite; HCER, hydrocerussite; HAP, hydroxyapatite; HPM, hydroxypyromorphite; and PGM, plumbogummite.