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Controlled-Suction Period Lysimeter for Measuring Vertical Water Flux and Convective Chemical Fluxes

^a Division of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
^b Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the controlled-suction period lysimeter and (b) flow chart of the control system for the suction system by which soil water is extracted (modified from Kosugi [2000]).

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Illustration of (a) matching a with b, and (b) controlling air-pressure in the water-collection container, pc. t is the time interval for monitoring a, b, and pc.

View larger version (148K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Cross-sectional view of the porous plate installation.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Observed and fitted water retention curves for soils collected at 5-, 15-, and 25-cm depth in the water-sampling profile. Fitted parameters of the retention model (Kosugi, 1994, 1996) are shown in Table 1.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Flat view of the porous plate and tensiometer installation for analyzing convergence or divergence in soil water flow is shown.

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Changes of (a) a and b and (b) pc with the monitoring interval, t, of 3 s, and changes of (c) a and b and (d) pc with t of 3 min.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. (a) Precipitation, and matric pressures at (b) 10-, (c) 20-, and (d) 30-cm depths in both the sampling and natural soil profiles for the pretesting period without water extraction.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. (a) Precipitation and 1-h moving-average sampling rates, matric pressures at (b) 10-, (c) 20-, and (d) 30-cm depths; and (e) air-pressure in the water-collection container for the pre-testing period with water extraction.

View larger version (72K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. (a) Precipitation and sampling rates, (b) matric pressures at 30-cm depth, and (c) air-pressure in the water-collection container for the storm on 21 Apr. 2000 during the pretesting period with water extraction.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. (a) Precipitation and 1-h moving-average sampling rates, and matric pressures at (b) 20- and (c) 30-cm depths from 23 Oct. to 3 Nov. 2000.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Matric pressures at 30-cm depth in the sampling, a, and natural, b, profiles, and daily precipitation and sampling amount throughout the continuous-sampling period.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. (a) Matric pressures at 30-cm depth in the sampling, a, and natural, b, profiles, (b) cumulative precipitation and sampling amount, (c) 30-d averaged precipitation rate, sampling rate, and change in soil water storage from 0 to 30 cm deep in the sampling profile, S, (d) 30-d averaged loss rate due to evapotranspiration, ET, evaporation rate measured by small and large water-filled pans, Epan, and ET rate estimated by the Thornthwaite method, ETthorn, and (e) 30-d averaged soil water storage throughout the continuous-sampling period.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13. (a) Concentration of dissolved silica in precipitation and sampled water, (b) air temperature and daily sampling rate, and (c) cumulative load of dissolved silica throughout the continuous-sampling period.