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Spatio-Temporal Simulation of the Field-Scale Evolution of Organic Carbon over the Landscape

^a ENSA-INRA Rennes, 65 rue de St Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes, France
^b Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Framework of the combination of stochastic and deterministic approaches to simulate the initial spatial field of soil organic C content over the landscape. DEM, digital elevation model; HI, hydromorphic index; OC, organic C.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (a) Topography of the virtual study area and (b) initial land use under (P) long-term pastures; (T) short-term pastures; (C) cereals and (M) maize. Simulations of land use was conducted over 4500 virtual fields.

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (a) Short-range semivariogram of organic carbon (OC) from 360 samples of a nested survey in southern Brittany and (b) its corresponding random function (RF) [Y1(x)]; (c) representation of a linear model of OC as a function of the redoximorphic index (HI) used to derive (d) the medium-range spatial field [Y3(x)]; (e) long-range semivariogram of OC based on 40 000 regional samples in Brittany, and (f) its simulated RF [Y2(x)].

View larger version (45K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (a) Block diagram of the additive spatial field that combines the short-, medium-, and long-range fields, and (b) the additive semivariogram model for soil organic C in the study region and the semivariograms of its three spatial components. The additive semivariogram was fitted with a triple exponential model.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Simulations of land use over time driven by the transition matrix given in Table 1, for maize (M), cereals (C), temporary pastures (T), and permanent pastures (P).

View larger version (98K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Block diagrams of land use evolution at (a) the start of the simulation, (b) 10 yr after, (c) 20 yr after, and (d) at the end of the simulation: permanent pastures (P), temporary pastures (T), cereals (C), and maize (M).

View larger version (90K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Maps of organic C content at different dates considering simulations that account only for land use.

View larger version (89K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Maps of organic C content at different dates considering simulations that account for land use and the influence of soil waterlogging.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Evolution of the organic C semivariograms at different dates considering simulations that (a) account for only land use, and (b) account for land use and the influence of soil waterlogging.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Evolution of soil organic carbon (SOC) content (a) field mean values and the (b) mean within-field variability.