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Improvement of the Successive Selective Dissolution Procedure for the Separation of Birnessite, Lithiophorite, and Goethite in Soil Manganese Nodules

^a Professor of Soil Science and Land Conservation, Dep. of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. of the Ryukyus, Nishihara- cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
^b Senior Soil Scientist, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction of MN-1 treated with 0.1 M HAHC increasing in temperature.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. X-ray diffraction of each untreated samples and their mixed sample.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. X-ray diffraction of artificial mixed sample treated by the proposed selective dissolution procedure.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. X-ray diffraction of MN-14 treated by successive selective dissolution (X) and with diothinite-citrate bicarbonate (DCB), without NaOH treatment (Y). 1, Untreated; 2, NaOH; 3, NaOH + HAHC (25°C); 4, NaOH + HAHC (60°C); 5, NaOH + HAHC (60°C) + DCB; A, Mg-clay air-dried; B: Mg-clay glycerol-saturated; C, K-clay air-dried; D, K-clay 105°C; E, K-clay 300°C; F, K-clay 550°C.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. X-ray diffraction of MN-15 treated by successive selective dissolution (X) and with diothinite-citrate bicarbonate (DCB), without NaOH treatment (Y). 1, Untreated; 2, NaOH; 3, NaOH + HAHC (25°C); 4, NaOH + HAHC (60°C); 5, NaOH + HAHC (60°C) + DCB; A, Mg-clay air-dried; B: Mg-clay glycerol-saturated; C, K-clay air-dried; D, K-clay 105°C; E, K-clay 300°C; F, K-clay 550°C.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. X-ray diffraction of MN-16 treated by successive selective dissolution (X) and with diothinite-citrate bicarbonate (DCB), without NaOH treatment (Y). 1, Untreated; 2, NaOH; 3, NaOH + HAHC (25°C); 4, NaOH + HAHC (60°C); 5, NaOH + HAHC (60°C) + DCB; A, Mg-clay air-dried; B: Mg-clay glycerol-saturated; C, K-clay air-dried; D, K-clay 105°C; E, K-clay 300°C; F, K-clay 550°C.