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Root-System Development and Water-Extraction Model Considering Hydrotropism

Division of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwakecyo Kitashirakawa Sakyo-ku Kyoto-city Kyoto 6068502, Japan

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Projected root systems of seedlings in Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) on a (a) plane, and a (b) slope ß = 45° (Modified from Yamadera, 1990).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Projected root system of a 1-yr-old seedling in Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) (Karizuma, 1979).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Branches along the root axis.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Mechanism of root tropism.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Schematic figure of gravitropic response of root and defined elongation rate function of gravitropism.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Schematic figure of hydrotropic response of root and defined elongation rate function of hydrotropism. (The arrows of q and q' indicate the water flux and its components perpendicular to the root, respectively.)

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Principle for root elongation in the conventional model according to Pages (Pages et al., 1989).

View larger version (76K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. The calculation domain for the simulation, (a) plane and (b) slope ß = 45° (x indicates the starting points of main root).

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Defined pattern of transpiration, evaporation, and water supply, (a) throughout the calculation period (cm2 d-1), and (b) in 1-d duration (cm2 h-1).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. The soil-hydraulic properties, (a) – curve, and (b) K– curve.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. A pattern of the root-system development, the soil-water distribution based on hydraulic potential, (cm), the root length (cm), and the water-extraction per unit depth (cm h-1) (Values in the figure are the hydraulic potential [cm]).

View larger version (60K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. The root systems at the final stage of the simulation (196 d) by the conventional model, (a) with isotropic vector (M = 0.01), and (b) without isotropic vector (M = 0.00).

View larger version (62K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13. The root systems under slope condition at the final stage of the simulation (196 d) simulated by (a) the present model and by (b) the conventional model. (Arrows in the figure indicate the direction of gravity.)

View larger version (83K): [in a new window]   Fig. 14. The distribution of the accumulated soil-water extraction intensity [1/(7d)] at the final stage of the simulation (196 d) by (a) the proposed model, and by (b) the conventional model, under plane conditions. (Interval of the contour lines is 0.002).

View larger version (77K): [in a new window]   Fig. 15. The distribution of the accumulated soil water-extraction intensity [1/(7d)] at the final stage of the simulation (196 d) by (a) the proposed model, and by (b) the conventional model, under slope condition. (Interval of the contour lines is 0.002.)

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 16. Frequency of the element classified according to the water-extraction intensity [1/(7d)] simulated under (a) plane conditions, and under (b) slope conditions.