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Diffuse Double-Layer Models, Long-Range Forces, and Ordering in Clay Colloids

Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Concentration dependence of the time required for shear-induced birefringence in smectite clay suspensions to decay (data from Langmuir, 1938).

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Diagram of the covolume Vc (excluded volume) of a spherical particle with volume Vs.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The pressure-volume isotherm for a gas composed of anisometric molecules, with P1 representing the pressure at which a phase transition is predicted (adapted from Adamson, 1976).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Calculated osmotic pressure of idealized thin cylindrical clay plates as a function of their concentration. The plates are assumed to have negligible thickness relative to their diameter of 300 nm (adapted from Forsyth et al., 1978).

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Diagrammatic view of the disordered (isotropic) and several ordered (liquid crystalline) structures in suspensions of plate-like particles.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Phase diagram for a Na-smectite suspension, adapted from Fig. 3 in Gabriel et al. (1996).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Depiction of particle-particle Coulombic interaction according to Sogami–Ise model at low and high particle charge, leading to repulsive (a) and attractive (b) interaction.