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Soil Mapping Using GIS, Expert Knowledge, and Fuzzy Logic

^a Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706
^b Soil Survey Interpretations, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 100 Centennial Mall North, Lincoln, NE 68508
^c NRCS–USDA, 6515 Watts Road, Suite 200, Madison, WI 53719
^d NRCS–USDA, 1850 Bohmann Drive, Suite C, Richland Center, WI 53581

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Conventional soil mapping and its limiting factors

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The similarity model. Soil bodies are presented as pixels in spatial domain and as similarity vectors in parameter domain.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The automated soil inference under fuzzy logic is based on the concept that soil (S) is a function (f) of its formative environment (E).

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Soil inference process. The knowledgebase contains knowledge on soil–environmental relationships. The geographical information system (GIS) database contains spatial data on soil formative environmental conditions. The fuzzy inference engine combines the relationships in the knowledge base with the spatial data in the GIS database to produce a raster soil database for the study area.

View larger version (72K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Three-dimensional perspective views of study areas. (a) The Lubrecht study area with elevation ranging from 1160 to 1930 m; (b) The Raffelson study area with elevation varying from 250 to 410 m (Light toned areas are high elevation).

View larger version (54K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Maps of soil series distribution in Lubrecht, MT. The SoLIM-derived map depicts soil spatial variation in much greater detail than the conventional soil map. The conventional soil map is of order level 2.

View larger version (62K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Maps of soil A-horizon depth in Lubrecht, MT. The SoLIM-derived depth map shows a gradual variation of soil A-horizon depth whereas the depth map from the conventional soil map shows abrupt changes at the boundaries of soil polygons.

View larger version (80K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Distribution of soil series over the Raffelson area based on the SoLIM.

View larger version (79K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Distribution of soil series over the Raffelson area based on a recent order 2 update.