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Stability of Structural Form during Infiltration

Laboratory Measurements on the Effect of De-inking Sludge

Dép. des Sols et de Génie Agroalimentaire, FSAA, Université Laval, QC, Canada G1K 7P4

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1 Structural setup of the experimental stand. A soil under investigation is kept in a PVC sampling cylinder. An array of seven minitensiometers and seven time domain reflectometry (TDR) moisture miniprobes is installed, marking off seven monitored layers of soil

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2 Variation between initial and final dry mean-weight diameters (MWD) with different rates of sludge application in (A) silty clay soil, (B) loamy soil, and (C) sandy loam soil. Each value of MWD in these figures is the mean MWD for each application rate and therefore represents an average of three replicates. (24-C = composted de-inked sludge at 24 dry t ha-1). The vertical bar represents the least significant difference (LSD) for treatments comparison at P 0.10. Treatments marked by other letters are significantly different

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3 Variation in percentage of size class of aggregates with different rates of sludge application in (A) silty clay soil (B) loamy soil, and (C) sandy loam soil. The * symbol represents a linear contrast significant at P 0.05

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4 Variation in soil bulk density changes at different depths with different rates of sludge application following a wetting event in (A) silty clay soil, (B) loamy soil, and (C) sandy loam soil. Each value in this figure represents the mean of the changes in bulk density for each application rate (i.e., the average of the values from the three replicates). SE = standard error. The , *, ** symbols represent the linear contrasts significant at P 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5 Variation in the observed hydraulic conductivity values at a depth of 0–38 mm at different water potentials with different rates of sludge application in a silty clay soil, estimated during the second draining cycle

View larger version (44K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6 Variation in DWR (difference between water retention values before and after wetting event) at different water potentials with different rates of sludge application in (A) silty clay soil and (B) loamy soil. Each value in this figure represents the mean DWR value at each application rate (i.e., the average of the values from three replicates and five depths). The , ** symbols represent linear contrasts significant at P 0.10 and 0.01, respectively

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7 Variation in the wetting rate at different depths and for different rates of sludge application during the wetting event for (A) silty clay soil and (B) loamy soil. Each value in this figure represents the mean wetting rate by application rate (i.e., the average of the values from three replicates)

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8 Variation in potential at the wetting front during the wetting event with different rates of sludge application in two soil types. Each value in this figure represents the mean potential at the wetting front for each application rate (i.e., the average of the values from three replicates)