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Nitrate Leaching in a Tile-Drained Silt Loam Soil

^a Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre, Res. Inst. for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, P.O. Box 14, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
^b Dep. of Soil Sci., Campus Box 7619, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7619 USA
^c Wageningen Univ. and Res. Centre, Dep. of Agric., Environ., and Systems Technol., Dreijenplein 4, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1 Overview of the tile-drained field plot at the Lovinkhoeve. The thick lines indicate a series of piezometers, the thick dots represent groundwater level observation wells. The position of the automated observation well is also shown. The numbers at the top indicate the blocks at different distances from the drain. The roman numerals at the right hand side indicate the different instrument transects. Location M corresponds to the end of the experimental field; location D is the position close to the ditch

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of the drain sampling process. The arrows indicate the water flow direction

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3 The soil profile of the field plot. Clay content, organic matter content (OM), and cation-exchange capacity (CEC) are indicated for each horizon. The error bars give the standard deviation of the horizon depths

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4 Hydraulic conductivity at saturation measured in the vertical and horizontal directions at different depths in the soil profile and the drain trench

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5 Drain discharge rates as a function of the groundwater level at -6-m lateral distance from the tile-drain for the period from 17 Dec. 1991 to 8 Apr. 1992 . The measured data (points) and the steady-state simulations of the calibrated SWMS_2D model are indicated

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6 Precipitation rate (a), groundwater level at -6 m lateral distance from the tile-drain (b), drain discharge rate (c), and nitrate concentration in the drainage water (d) during the leaching period from 17 Dec. 1991 to 8 Apr. 1992 . Measurements and simulation results are indicated

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7 Nitrate concentrations in the soil water for the blocks at different distances from the tile-drain, measured by soil sampling on 17 Dec. 1991 (t = 0; a) and 8 Apr. 1992 (t = 114 d; b), assuming all nitrate was dissolved in the soil water. On 8 Apr. 1992 the data of the topsoil are subject to errors due to the interference of fertilizer granules in the samples (see text)

View larger version (51K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8 Simulated nitrate (NO3) concentration distribution in the flow domain for three different days during the leaching period from 17 Dec. 1991 to 8 Apr. 1992 (0 < t < 114 d)

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9 The N balance (kg N ha-1 yr-1) in the 0–60 cm soil layer, based on a 4-yr crop rotation (1988–1991) of an integrated arable farming system (after Van Faassen and Lebbink, 1994). The young and old organic matter pools are given for the 0–25 cm soil layer