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SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Nitrogen Immobilization and Mineralization Kinetics of Cattle, Hog, and Turkey Manure Applied to Soil

^a USDA-ARS, Soil and Water Management, St. Paul, MN 55108
^b Currently at: Dep. of Land, Air and Water Resources, Univ. of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616-8780

^* Corresponding author (mburger{at}ucdavis.edu).

Nitrogen mineralization and immobilization following manure application are critical processes influencing plant N supply and offsite N losses. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the influence of these two processes in addition to N oxide gas production on N availability for 180 d following manure addition. A Tara loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Hapludoll) and a Webster clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquoll) amended with liquid dairy (Bos taurus) manure (LD) were incubated at 25 and 10°C, while Tara soil amended with solid dairy manure (SD) and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) manure (T), and Webster soil amended with liquid hog (Sus scrofa) manure (H), were incubated at 25°C. Maximum net N immobilization was 14 and 40% of the initial NH₄⁺ concentration in H and LD, respectively, and persisted for 35 to 180 d. In LD-, H-, and T-amended soils, net manure N mineralization was not apparent, and there was good agreement between initial NH₄⁺ content and available inorganic N from the manure. These data suggest that, for these manure types, estimates of first-season available N would be improved by measuring manure NH₄⁺. In contrast, in soil amended with SD, which had the lowest initial NH₄⁺ content, 22% of organic N was mineralized. Gaseous N losses were <1% of the added N in all treatments. The previously developed model NCSOIL was used to predict plant N availability and NO₃^– leaching potential with various manure incorporation dates. Under climate conditions typical of the Upper Midwest, no clear advantage of late fall compared with spring incorporation of manure with regard to N availability could be shown, but NO₃^– leaching potential seemed high with early fall incorporation.

Abbreviations: H, liquid hog manure • LD, liquid dairy manure • MBC, microbial biomass carbon • MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen • SD, solid dairy manure • T, turkey manure