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SOIL CHEMISTRY

Phosphorus in Poultry Litter and Soil: Enzymatic and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization

^a USDA-ARS, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Lab., Orono, ME 04469
^b Geology & Environmental Sciences Dep., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305
^c Dep. of Plant and Soil Science, Alabama A&M Univ., Normal, AL 35762

^* Corresponding author (Zhongqi.He{at}ars.usda.gov).

Knowledge of the P forms in poultry litter (PL) and their transformations in soil will help improve our understanding of the long-term role of P in eutrophication. In this study, samples of PL and pasture soils with and without 20 yr of PL application were sequentially extracted to separate P into H₂O, 0.5 mol L^–1 NaHCO₃, 0.1 mol L^–1 NaOH, and 1 mol L^–1 HCl fractions. After appropriate dilution and pH adjustment, the fractions were incubated in the presence of orthophosphate-releasing enzymes. Cross-examination of the solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the enzymatically treated and untreated fractions revealed that the peaks of organic P (P_o) species of the enzymatically treated fractions became very weak or disappeared, confirming enzymatic hydrolysis of P_o in the untreated fractions. Although the majority of P in the NaOH and HCl fractions of PL was in organic forms, these stable P_o forms could be subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis after being applied to soil, an occurrence that was supported by the soil P data. Compared with soil without litter applied, 20 yr of PL application increased the pools of both labile and stable inorganic P in the soil; however, repeated application of PL did not lead to a significant accumulation of hydrolyzable P_o in NaOH and HCl fractions, indicating that the stable P_o must have been converted to other forms. The transformation of stable PL P_o observed in this study could be an important mechanism for maintaining a balance between labile and immobile P in soils.

Abbreviations: ICP–AES, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrophotometry • NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance • P_i, inorganic phosphorus • PL, poultry litter • P_o, organic phosphorus • Soil-0, soil without poultry litter application • Soil-20, soil with annual poultry litter application for 20 years

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