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Soil Physics

Soil Water Retention

I. Introduction of a Shape Index

^a Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, LTHE (UMR 5564, CNRS, INPG, UJF, IRD), BP 53X, 38041, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
^b Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA), Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532, Col. Progresso 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
^c Dep. of Civil Engineering, California State Univ., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
^d CSIRO Land and Water, Indooroopilly, Qld. 4067, Australia

^* Corresponding author (haverkamp{at}hydrowide.com)

Knowledge of soil water retention is fundamental to quantify the flow of water and dissolved substances in the subsurface. Water retention is often quantified with models fitted to observed retention points. Interpretation and conversion of parameters from different models is subjective and prone to error. We examined 461 retention curves from the UNSODA database and 660 from the GRIZZLY database. Parameters of the Brooks-Corey (BC) and van Genuchten (vG) equations were fitted to the retention data. The shape parameters in these functions (, m, and n) are closely correlated to soil texture and may be predicted with so-called pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Among the scale parameters, the saturated water content _s proved to be a robust fitting parameter regardless of parameterization. Reliable optimization of the residual water content _r is more difficult; without any constraint it was negative for 54.4% of the GRIZZLY samples, and its value was strongly correlated to the shape parameters. The BC- and vG-shape parameters are often converted assuming = mn, which is incorrect when or mn is large (e.g., > 0.8). To facilitate the interpretation, conversion, and optimization of retention parameters, we introduce a water retention shape index P. This index constitutes an integral measure of the slope of the retention curve and characterizes the retention behavior of a particular soil with a single number. A value for the index can be estimated directly from retention data. For the majority of the samples P ranged between 0 and 0.4; rarely did P exceed 3, which is the maximum expected for fractal behavior. The value for P was related to soil texture: fine-textured soils tend to have smaller values than coarse-textured soils. The shape index provides a benchmark for conversion and comparison of parameters.

Abbreviations: BC, Brooks-Corey Model • PTF, pedotransfer function • RMSE, root mean square error • vG, van Genuchten Model

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