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Soil Chemistry

Phosphate Reactivity in Long-Term Poultry Litter-Amended Southern Delaware Sandy Soils

^a U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd. MS 465, Menlo Park, CA 94025, and Dep. of Plant and Soil Sci., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717
^b Dep. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218
^c Dep. of Plant and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717

^* Corresponding author (yarai{at}usgs.gov)

Eutrophication caused by dissolved P from poultry litter (PL)-amended agricultural soils has been a serious environmental concern in the Delaware–Maryland–Virginia Peninsula (Delmarva), USA. To evaluate state and federal nutrient management strategies for reducing the environmental impact of soluble P from long-term PL-amended Delaware (DE) soils, we investigated (i) inorganic P speciation; (ii) P adsorption capacity; and (iii) the extent of P desorption. Although the electron microprobe (EMP) analyses showed a strong correlation between P and Al/Fe, crystalline Al/Fe-P precipitates were not detected by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Instead, the inorganic P fractionation analyses showed high levels of oxalate extractable P, Al, and Fe fractions (615–858, 1215–1478, and 337–752 mg kg^–1, respectively), which were susceptible to slow release during the long-term (30-d) P desorption experiments at a moderately acidic soil pH_water. The labile P in the short-term (24-h) desorption studies was significantly associated with oxalate and F extractable Fe and Al, respectively. This was evident in an 80% reduction maximum in total desorbable P from NH₄ oxalate/F pretreated soils. In the adsorption experiments, P was strongly retained in soils at near targeted pH of lime (6.0), but P adsorption gradually decreased with decreasing pH near the soil pH_water (5.0). The overall findings suggest that P losses from the can be suppressed by an increase in the P retention capacity of soils via (i) an increase in the number of lime applications to maintain soil pH_water at near targeted pH values, and/or (ii) alum/iron sulfate amendments to provide additional Al- and Fe-based adsorbents.

Abbreviations: CEC, cation exchange capacity • DE, Delaware • Delmarva, Delaware–Maryland–Virginia Peninsula • EDS, energy dispersive spectrometer • EMP, electron microprobe • Ev, Evesboro • ICP–AES, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy • OM, organic matter • Os, Osier • PL, poultry litter • Pm, Pocomoke • PZSE, point of zero salt effect • Sf, Sassafras • WDS, wavelength dispersive spectrometer • XRD, x-ray diffraction

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