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a USDA-ARS, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, Building 3702, Curtin Rd., University Park, PA 16802-3702
b AgResearch Ltd., Invermay Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand
* Corresponding author (Andrew.Sharpley{at}ars.usda.gov)
Continually land-applying manure at rates exceeding crop removal can change soil P chemistry and increase soil P to levels that are of environmental concern. To assess the effect of long-term manure application on soil P forms and solubilities, we determined water-extractable P, Mehlich-3 P, Hedley-P fractions, and crystalline Ca-P minerals in surface soil (0–5 cm) from 20 locations in New York (n = 6), Oklahoma (n = 8), and Pennsylvania (n = 6), which received dairy, poultry, or swine manure (40–200 kg ha–1 yr–1) for 10 to 25 yr. For all untreated and manured soils, the pH averaged 5.9 and 6.6; exchangeable Ca, 0.9 and 6.2 g kg–1; organic C, 15.7 and 32.6 g kg–1; and total P, 407 and 2480 mg kg–1, respectively. As Mehlich-3 P increased (64–2822 mg kg–1), the proportion that was water extractable (14–3%) declined as exchangeable soil Ca increased (R2 = 0.81). Results suggest that addition of manure to soils shifts P from Al- and Fe- to Ca-P reaction products, accounting for the relatively greater Mehlich-3 but lower water extractability of soil P. This shift has implications to environmental soil P testing. For instance, the fact that Mehlich-3 P has been shown to overestimate potential losses of P in overland flow from heavily manured soils may be explained by dissolution of Ca-P minerals not soluble in water.
Abbreviations: Acid IP, hydrochloric acid extractable inorganic soil P • Bicarbonate IP, sodium bicarbonate extractable inorganic soil P • Bicarbonate OP, sodium bicarbonate extractable organic soil P • DCP, Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate • Hydroxide IP, sodium hydroxide extractable inorganic soil P • HA, Hydroxyapatite • Hydroxide IP, sodium hydroxide extractable organic soil P • Mehlich-3 P, Mehlich-3 extractable soil P • OCP, Octocalcium phosphate • Resin P, resin membrane extractable inorganic soil P • TCP, tricalcium phosphate
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