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Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824-1325
* Corresponding author (kravche1{at}msu.edu).
Effectiveness of precision agriculture depends on accurate and efficient mapping of soil properties. Among the factors that most affect soil property mapping are the number of soil samples, the distance between sampling locations, and the choice of interpolation procedures. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of data variability and the strength of spatial correlation in the data on the performance of (i) grid soil sampling of different sampling density and (ii) two interpolation procedures, ordinary point kriging and optimal inverse distance weighting (IDW). Soil properties with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 12 to 67% were sampled in a 20-ha field using a regular grid with a 30-m distance between grid points. Data sets with different spatial structures were simulated based on the soil sample data using a simulated annealing procedure. The strength of simulated spatial structures ranged from weak with nugget to sill (N/S) ratio of 0.6 to strong (N/S ratio of 0.1). The results indicated that regardless of CV values, soil properties with a strong spatial structure were mapped more accurately than those that had weak spatial structure. Kriging with known variogram parameters performed significantly better than the IDW for most of the studied cases (P < 0.01). However, when variogram parameters were determined from sample variograms, kriging was as accurate as the IDW only for sufficiently large data sets, but was less precise when a reliable sample variogram could not be obtained from the data.
Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation • IDW, inverse distance weighting • KK, ordinary point kriging with true spatial structure known • KU, ordinary point kriging with spatial structure determined based on a sample variogram • N/S ratio, nugget to sill ratio • OM, organic matter content
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