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Crop Residue Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization, Microbial Biomass, and Rice Yield in Submerged Soils

IRRI/Laval Collaborative Research Project

F.-P. Chalifour

Département de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada

J. K. Ladha^*

International Rice Research Inst., P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines

*Corresponding author (IN"% J.K.Ladha{at}cgnet.com")

ABSTRACT

Urea, crop residues, and green manure are all suitable sources of N for lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, N sources undergo mineralization at different rates, affecting rice N uptake and utilization. Little is known about the effect of the chemical composition of crop residues on N mineralization and rice performance. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the dynamics of N mineralization, microbial biomass, and rice N uptake. Twelve treatments representing a wide range of crop residue chemical composition and two controls (with and without urea) were compared. The N mineralization pattern ranged from rapid (Sesbania rostata Brem. & Oberm.) to immobilization at the beginning of the season (Cassia velosa L.). Immediately after incorporation, N mineralization was positively correlated to crop residue N concentration (r² = 0.64, significant at P < 0.01), and negatively correlated to tannin concentration. However, at tillering, the tannin/N ratio was best correlated to the rate of N release (r² = 0.86, significant at P < 0.01). Grain yield was best predicted by the (lignin + polyphenol)/N ratio (r² = 0.67, significant at P < 0.01). Incorporation of residue into soil generally increased microbial biomass ninhydrin-reactive N compared with control treatments at the tillering stage, but not at maturity. Microbial biomass N was highly correlated to soil NH₊⁴-N at rice tillering (r² = 0.76, significant at P < 0.01). The N derived from fertilizer in rice was 35.4% on average for residue treatments, which was comparable with that of the urea control (33.5%). This study emphasizes the importance of considering the interactions among chemical constituents of crop residues to understand the dynamics of N release and uptake by rice.

Received for publication November 30, 1994.

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