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Determining Manganese Oxidation State in Soils Using X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy

Agronomy Dep., Purdue Univ., 1150 Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1150

S. R. Sutton

Dep. of Geophysical Sciences and Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources, Univ. of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637

S. Bajt

Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources, Univ. of Chicago, Building 901A, Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY 11973

*Corresponding author (schulze{at}dept.agry.purdue.edu).

ABSTRACT

The redox chemistry of soil Mn is important in Mn uptake by plants, the movement of trace elements absorbed on or occluded in Mn-oxides, and the etiology of some soil-borne plant fungal diseases. The objectives of this study were to develop calibration curves for determining Mn oxidation states in moist soil samples using micro-x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy and to test the method on selected soils. Oxidation-state standards were prepared by mixing dry powders of MnSO₄·H₂O (Mn²⁺) and a synthetic Na-birnessite, Na₄Mn₁₄O₂₇·9H₂O (Mn⁴⁺) to obtain various Mn²⁺ mole fractions, f(Mn²⁺), where f(Mn²⁺) = Mn²⁺/(Mn²⁺ + Mn⁴⁺). Corundum (-Al₂O₃) was used as a diluent to prepare mixtures containing 50, 1000, and 100 000 mg Mn kg^–1. Quantitative analysis of Mn oxidation state is possible using either the energy of the pre-edge peak at 6540 eV or a ratio based on the intensity of the Mn²⁺ white line peak at 6552.6 eV divided by the intensity of the Mn⁴⁺ white line peak at 6560.9 eV. The white line intensity ratio is more sensitive, with an estimated lower detection limit of 20 mg Mn kg^–1 using a 300 by 300 µm spot, and predicts f(Mn²⁺) with an accuracy of ±0.1 mole fraction (95% confidence interval) through most of its range. The f(Mn²⁺) for four air-dried Indiana surface soils ranged from 0.26 to 0.44 ± 0.1. Saturation and reduction for 5 d resulted in complete reduction of Mn in the soil matrix.

Journal article no. 14 306 of the Purdue Agric. Exp. Stn.

Received for publication July 28, 1994.

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