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*Corresponding author.
ABSTRACT
Outflow experiments, in combination with inverse modeling techniques, offer a time-efficient way to simultaneously determine retention and hydraulic conductivity functions. Using outflow data only in the objective function, and applying the optimization algorithm of Marquardt's maximum neighborhood, the multistep outflow method results in unique estimates of the retention and hydraulic conductivity functions. For the same experimental conditions the one-step outflow method often yields nonunique solutions. For the Mualem-van Genuchten expression of the soil hydraulic functions, four parameters (
, n, Ks and 
) were estimated for a medium-textured soil. Fixation of negatively affects the estimation of K(h). The reference curve as derived by similar media scaling corresponded with curves derived by the direct averaging of soil hydraulic functions, and with those obtained by optimization of the mean outflow for a set of 20 soil samples.
This study was financed by the EC (contract EV4C-0054-NL) as part of the research project "Spatial variability of land surface processes".
Contribution from the Dep. of Water Resources, Agricultural Univ., Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Received for publication August 31, 1992.
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