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Flocculation Series Test Yielding Time-Invariant Critical Coagulation Concentrations of Sodium Illite

Chevron Oil Field Research Co., P.O. Box 446, La Habra, CA 90633

A. L. Page

Dep. of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521

*Corresponding author.

ABSTRACT

Critical coagulation concentrations (CCCs) of Na illite were measured using flocculation series tests. Results consistent with kinetic theories of coagulation showed the effect of coagulation/settling time on the CCC at various pH levels. A general flocculation series test procedure for reference and soil minerals is proposed. This test controls particle-interaction dynamics and uses a long coagulation time to minimize the effects of variations in particle diffusion rates and solids concentrations, and to yield time-invariant CCCs. After combining Na illite dispersions with a series of pH-adjusted, concentrated NaClO₄ solutions, the mineral particles coagulated primarily by Brownian diffusion. To control the release of interlayer K from Na illite, an equilibrium K concentration of 0.1 mol m^–3 was added to all suspensions. The CCCs were detected from turbidity measurements taken after various coagulation time intervals. Between 2 and 17 h, CCCs generally decreased with increasing particle-interaction time; however, CCCs measured after 17 and 36 h were equivalent and time invariant.

Contribution from the Dep. of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of California, Riverside and Chevron Oil Field Research Co.

Received for publication April 3, 1989.