HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Tokashiki, Y. Articles by Golden, D. C. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Tokashiki, Y. Articles by Golden, D. C. Agricola Articles by Tokashiki, Y. Articles by Golden, D. C.

Manganese Oxide Analysis in Soils by Combined X-ray Diffraction and Selective Dissolution Methods¹

ABSTRACT

It is difficult to identify the Mn oxides in many soils due to their poor crystallinity, low concentration, the diffuse nature of the x-ray diffraction patterns, and the coincidence of diagnostic peaks with those of associated minerals. A selective dissolution procedure is proposed to characterize Mn oxides and the associated minerals by using successive sodium hydroxide, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) treatments. Mineral composition was determined by x-ray diffraction analysis before and after each treatment. Three samples of soil Mn nodules from Okinawa Island, Japan, and synthetic sodium birnessite and lithiophorite ore were used as test materials. The NaOH treatment destroyed kaolinite and gibbsite but concentrated birnessite, lithiophorite, and goethite. Heat treatment followed by x-ray diffraction analyses indicated that birnessite, lithiophorite, and goethite were destroyed at 200, 400, and 300°C, respectively. Birnessite was dissolved by hydroxylamine hydrochloride leaving lithiophorite and goethite unchanged. A DCB treatment following hydroxylamine hydrochloride dissolved lithiophorite and goethite leaving a layer silicate residue. The chemical separation and dissolution procedures were effective in characterizing the Mn oxides in soils.

¹ Contribution from the Texas Agric. Exp. Stn., College Station, TX.

² Associate Professor of Soil and Plant Nutrition, Dep. of Agricultural Chemistry, Univ. of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9031 Japan; Professor of Soil Science and Research Associate; Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843-2474.

Received for publication November 7, 1985.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Negra, D. S. Ross, and A. Lanzirotti Oxidizing Behavior of Soil Manganese: Interactions among Abundance, Oxidation State, and pH Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., January 1, 2005; 69(1): 87 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Tokashiki, T. Hentona, M. Shimo, and L. P. V. Arachchi Improvement of the Successive Selective Dissolution Procedure for the Separation of Birnessite, Lithiophorite, and Goethite in Soil Manganese Nodules Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., May 1, 2003; 67(3): 837 - 843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Yang, D. S. Yang, and M. K. Wang SYNTHESES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIRNESSITE BY OXIDIZING PYROCHROITE IN ALKALINE CONDITIONS Clays and Clay Minerals, February 1, 2002; 50(1): 63 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]