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Annual Lupines and Other Cover Crops for the Forest Nurseries of the Lake States¹

ABSTRACT

Blue, white, and sweet yellow lupines were tested as a green manure crop in forest nurseries in northeastern Wisconsin and in Michigan. Besides lupines; vetch, soybeans, serradella, and rye were also tried. Sweet yellow lupine consistently gave the best performance, producing on the average about 4,392 pounds of oven-dry bulk per acre with an average nitrogen content of 89 pounds per acre. Hairy vetch gave the best average yield but had the disadvantage of slow initial growth rate.

¹ Contribution from Lake States Forest Exp. Sta., maintained by the Forest Service, U.S.D.A., in cooperation with the University of Minnesota, at St. Paul, Minn. Presented before Div. V-A, Soil Science Society of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 15, 1956. Received for publication Dec. 1, 1956. Approved May 22, 1956. The author wishes to acknowledge the help of the following individuals who furnished some of the seed or inoculant used in this study: Siegfried von der Recke of the German Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Ernst Pein, Forest Nurseryman, Halstenbek, Holst., Germany; L. Fleischer of the Bavarian Forest Administration, Munich, Germany; Paul R. Henson, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Md.; A. M. Strommen, Wisconsin Agr. Br. Exp. Sta., Spooner, Wis.; E. S. Hurd, Consolidated Water Power and Paper Co., Rhinelander, Wis.; A. L. Nelson, Hugo Sauer Nursery, Rhinelander, Wis.; and L. T. Parr, Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill. To Mr. H. W. Schneider and E. D. Clifford, Nursery Superintendents at Watersmeet and Wellston, Mich., the author is indebted for supplying results of trials in their nurseries. Analyses for nitrogen content of cover crops were made by the Soils Department, University of Minnesota.

² Research Forester, Lake States Forest Exp. Sta., St. Paul, Minn.