Fig. 1. Location of the Mt. Mansfield study site: (A) the northeastern United States with major alpine areas including Mt. Mansfield (circled MM) and Camels Hump (CH) in Vermont, the Adirondack Mountains (AD) in New York, the White Mountains (WM) in New Hampshire and Maine, and the Longfellow Mountains (LM) and Mt. Katahdin (MK) in Maine; (B) the topography of Mt. Mansfield (50-m contours) and the major trails on the mountain. The arrow points to the study area on the West Chin (area highlighted in Fig. 4). The elevation of the summit is 1337 m.