Fig. 5. (a) Soil temperature (°C) was measured by temperature sensors installed permanently in the O-, A-, B-, and C-horizons. (b) Soil-water content (m³ m^-3) was measured by TDR probes installed permanently in corresponding soil horizons and denoted with similar symbols. Values presented in the figure are daily averages of five temperature sensors and TDR probes installed in each soil horizon. When the soil freezes in O-horizon in late November, the TDR does not measure the volumetric water content correctly.